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BACKGROUND: Health literacy and self-efficacy related to COVID-19 pandemic management are closely linked. Therefore, synthesis of relevant evidence regarding the positive aspects of health literacy and health-promoting protective measures among individuals during COVID-19 pandemic is necessary. OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of e-health literacy and health-promoting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) protective behaviors on the spread of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, as well as PROSPERO and ClinicalTrials.gov registry platforms were searched for eligible literature published from January 2020 to July 2022. Studies were included based on predefined Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study design (PICOS) criteria, and a summary of each study was prepared. To estimate the effect size, the standardized mean difference (SMD) of the evaluated parameters, e-health literacy and health-promoting COVID-19 protective behaviors was extracted. Using RevMan and MedCalc software, a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Twelve eligible studies involving a total of 9854 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected individuals were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled SMD for e-health literacy was 40.39 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 28.14-52.63), with the following heterogeneity values: Tau2 of 396.80, ÷2 of 669.48, degrees of freedom (df) of 11, I2 of 98%, Z value of 6.47, and p < 0.001. Similarly, the pooled SM for COVID-19 protective behaviors was 15.90 (95% CI: 10.96-20.84) with Tau2 of 55.25, ÷2 of 252.92, df of 11, I2 of 98%, Z of 6.31, and p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that e-health literacy and health-promoting COVID-19 protective behaviors have a strong positive impact on preventing the spread of COVID-19 infection and on its effective management. We recommend that interventions and applicable policies for promoting such e-literacy programs and preventative measures be given a high level of consideration.
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INTRODUCTION: Optic perineuritis (OPN) is a previously undescribed sequela of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here we present a case of OPN that developed several weeks after initial confirmation of the presence of novel coronavirus RNA in the nasopharynx by polymerase chain reaction assay and subsequent confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity in the absence of other systemic inflammatory or infectious markers. CASE REPORT: An asymptomatic 71-year-old man with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) tested RNA positive for SARS-CoV-2 during a routine screening of patients at a skilled nursing facility. ~3 weeks after the positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test, the patient developed subacute ophthalmoparesis of the left eye, horizontal diplopia, retro-orbital pain, and frontal headache. An urgent magnetic resonance imaging of the head and orbits suggested OPN. Cerebrospinal fluid studies were without evidence of other infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, or paraneoplastic processes. He was started on a 5-day course of high-dose intravenous steroids and later transitioned to oral steroid therapy. Sixteen days after the initiation of steroid therapy, the patient had no headache or retro-orbital pain and demonstrated a marked improvement in horizontal gaze. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2-associated neurological sequelae have been increasingly recognized during the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The present case suggests that patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positivity, even without pulmonary or other classic manifestations of active infection, may manifest diverse clinical presentations including postinfectious OPN that could be related to an underlying autoimmune reactive inflammatory response.